Publication:

比較健全與智能障礙桌球選手認知功能與專項桌球測驗能力

背景與目的：過去已有許多研究發現智能障礙者因為智力的因素，導致在認知能力上表現出較差的結果，但卻鮮少提到受過專業訓練後的智能障礙選手其認知功能表現。同時也僅有兩篇文章顯示出智能障礙桌球選手在接發球與桌球基本技術也明顯不如健全桌球選手，但此兩篇研究著重在單項技術上的探討，而桌球是一開放式交互的運動，在大部分的得失分中皆包含發球、接發球與來回球；因此，本篇將使用較全面的專項桌球測驗（table tennis specific test）及整體性的認知功能評估工具，比較優秀健全桌球選手、業餘健全桌球選手與國際智能障礙桌球選手在此兩能力上之差異，並進一步分析桌球運動與認知能力之間的相關性。方法：23位優秀健全桌球選手、22位業餘健全桌球選手以及29位由國際資深分級師確認無誤之國際智能障礙桌球選手，分別進行觸碰式螢幕認知測驗（Generic Touch Screen Cognitive Test Battery）以及魏式縮減版智力量表（Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence）測量三組選手的認知能力，以及專項桌球測驗評估選手之桌球技術。結果：優秀健全桌球選手與業餘健全桌球選手在各分項認知測驗中表現都明顯優於國際智能障礙桌球選手（p <.01），唯獨在積木設計面向，業餘健全桌球選手明顯優於優秀健全桌球選手，而優秀健全桌球選手又明顯優於國際智能障礙桌球選手。在專項桌球測驗方面，發球、基本桌球技巧和控制以及專項桌球測驗總分中，優秀健全組皆明顯優於業餘健全組和國際智能障礙組（p <.01）；不同的是在接發球面向，則是優秀健全組和國際智能障礙組明顯優於業餘健全組（p <.001）。結論：國際智能障礙桌球選手即便經過專業的運動訓練，先天的智力損傷依然會影響其認知功能，但桌球技術仍然可以藉由後天訓練達到相當於業餘健全桌球選手的層級。不過，由於桌球運動包含諸多的運動智力因素，如果在認知能力有損傷的情況下，若想達到優秀健全桌球選手的水平是較困難的。

Background & Purpose: A lot of studies have found that people with intellectual disability (ID) showed lower cognitive performance, but only few studies indicated the performance of cognitive function in athletes with ID who received specialized training. To the best of our knowledge, only two studies showed that the performance of the table tennis (TT) players with ID on return service and TT basic skills are significantly worse than the elite TT players with able-bodied. In these two studies, they only focused on single skill, but table tennis is an interactive sport that includes service, return service and rally. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use the comprehensive TT specific test and the extensive tool which evaluate cognitive function to compare cognitive function and TT skills in the elite TT players, the amateur TT players and the international TT players with ID, and further to analyze the correlation between TT skills and cognitive function. Method: There were 23 elite TT players, 22 amateur TT players and 29 international TT players with ID who were identified by senior classifiers. The Generic Touch Screen Cognitive Test Battery and Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence were used to evaluate cognitive function in three groups, and also the TT specific test (service, return service and basic table tennis skills and control) was conducted to measure TT skills in each player.

Results: The results showed that the elite TT players and the amateur TT players performed significantly better than the international TT players with ID in every cognitive aspect (p <.01) except Block Design. In the Block Design, the amateur TT players performed much better than the elite TT players, and the elite TT players performed significantly better than the international TT players with ID. In the TT specific test, the elite TT players showed significantly higher scores than the amateur TT players and the international TT players with ID in service, basic TT skills and control and total testing score (p <.01). However, the elite TT players and the international TT players with ID got significantly higher scores than the amateur TT players in return service (p <.001). Conclusion: Due to impairment of inborn intelligence, the cognitive function of the international TT players with ID ware effected even through professional sport training. However, the TT skills of the international TT players with ID can reach the level of the amateur TT players through training. Due to the TT includes a lot of sport intelligence, the international TT players with ID who have cognitive impairment are hard to reach the level of the elite TT players.