Publication:

以恐懼管理理論觀點探討衝浪自我效能與死亡顯要性對從事冒險衝浪意圖之影響

冒險休閒，經常給人們又愛又怕的雙重心理經驗，是有別於其他非冒險性活動所存在的特殊性。「恐懼管理理論」利用文化世界觀及自尊的觀點來描述人管理恐懼的行為及心智歷程，也有助於我們探討影響人們從事冒險性休閒運動的主要因素。恐懼管理理論有兩個主要的假設：1.自尊能夠緩衝焦慮，因此自尊和焦慮呈負相關；2.當個體知覺到死亡顯要性時，會強化出現捍衛自尊及捍衛所處文化世界觀的行為的傾向。文獻中已有研究證據支持這兩個假設。在一個以水肺潛水冒險運動為對象的研究中，Miller和Taubman-Ben-Ari(2004) 發現高自尊的人的冒險意圖不會受到死亡顯要性及自我效能所影響，而死亡顯要性使低自尊及高自我效能的人展現出較高的冒險意圖，而低自尊低自我效能的人在死亡顯要性情境中，又比低自尊高自我效能的人冒險意圖來得更高。本研究檢驗Miller和Taubman-Ben-Ari的研究結果，對於我國是否同樣有一致性的結果。以衝浪冒險參與者為對象，以二因子變異數分析來檢驗死亡顯要性和衝浪自我效能對冒險衝浪意圖，結果並未發現主要效果和交互作用。未來有待更多研究來檢驗Greenberg等人(1997) 的恐懼管理理論的文化適當性。

This research examined the psychological determinants of participation in risk recreations based on Terror Management Theory(TMT). According to TMT, awareness of the inevitability of death is a potential terror of human beings. To reduce the anxiety caused by this terror, individuals engage in activities, such as risk recreations, to immerse in a cultural worldview and maintaining a high levels of self-esteem. This tendency of anxiety-reducing engagement is enhanced especially when mortality is salient. In a scuba diving study conducted by Miller and Taubman-Ben-Ari (2004), the effects of death reminders on the tendency to take risks in diving were tested. Findings showed that mortality salience led to greater willingness to take risks in diving for divers with low self-esteem and low diving self-efficacy. However, no effects were found for high self-esteem divers. This research, based on Miller and Taubman-Ben-Ari’ s work, examined TMT with especially Taiwanese surfers(N=72). A two-way ANOVA using mortality salience (yes, no) and surfing related self-efficacy (high, low) as factors performed. The results showed neither significant interactions nor main effects of mortality salience and surfing related self-efficacy on the levels of intention to risky surfing. The effects of the induction of mortality salience on risk behaviors in Taiwanese culture were discussed.