Publication:

九至十二歲兒童之體育教師動作觀察量表的本土化建立與動作協調能力分類及活動量分析(II)

背景：在兒童動作發展及功能研究領域中，許多影響動作表現的相關因素與疾病 已被深入的探討，然而尚有一部份動作上有缺陷但是從神經理學檢查或染色體結 構檢查中卻無法檢測出問題的兒童存在，美國精神科學會統一稱之為「發展協調 障礙」（Developmental Coordination Disorder）兒童；而這些兒童因其動作上 的問題，不僅影響其生理及身體狀況，甚至影響所及可能廣泛到其生活自理、學 習能力、以及社交關係，這些影響會一直持續到他們進入青少年時期，甚至到成 年時期。過去我國關於「發展協調障礙」兒童的研究則在近年來開始重視此問題， 另外兒童運動選才也一直是體育運動界十分關心的主題，其中嘗試建構完整的評 估系統及本土化的評量工具為一重要的課題，但是迄今尚未成功的建立評估工具 與學校教師之評估觀察量表以快速且正確篩檢動作能力強之兒童或動作能力弱 之發展協調障礙兒童，以致評量我國兒童的動作協調能力結果與實務應用仍缺乏 一致性，同時也從未有任何研究探討過我國原住民兒童之動作協調能力。目的： 此三年延續性之研究計畫的目的在第一年（現今國科會計畫已進行中）及第二年 主要系統性的發展評量發展協調障礙兒童動作能力之體育教師觀察評估量表，並 分析其信效度與建立我國本土化量表之參考常模，以及將兒童動作能力予以分類 次族群，同時也比較原住民兒童與非原住民兒童之動作協調能力。第三年研究將 進一步評估兒童動作協調能力與活動量之關係。方法：此延續性之研究擬以隨機 取樣抽取北中南東共二十所國小，以篩檢及觀察我國600 名一般國小三年級至 六年級，及200 名原住民國小兒童，年齡分布於九至十二歲之男女學童，用於 兒童動作評估的國外工具為Movement ABC 測驗，及我國之本土化評量工具（本 研究群於九十三及九十四年度國科會計畫所建立發展）之台灣動作協調能力進行 測驗，並將於本研究計畫所欲建立本土化體育教師版台灣兒童動作協調能力量表 (Taiwanese Children Coordination Questionnaire- PE Teacher edition)以於學 校快速評估及篩檢發展協調障礙兒童。在第三年將收集發展協調障礙兒童與非發 展協調障礙兒童各一百名之兒童生活型態量表的結果與使用RT3 加速規記錄兒 童七天活動量，以及使用兒童生活型態量表收集兒童之主觀性生活型態活動量。 之後將使用Movement ABC 動作測驗所檢測之結果、台灣動作協調能力測驗結 果，及本研究所欲建立之體育教師版兒童動作協調能力量表結果進行效度分析， 同時使用台灣兒童動作協調能力量表之再測信度（體育教師）也將予以建立；另 外本研究也將使用因素分析分類台灣動作協調能力觀察量表之主要面向及決定 合適之問題，以取得最重要的評量觀察項目當成我國未來體育教師觀察台灣兒童 動作協調能力與建立我國本土量表之常模；以及進一步分類動作能力強之兒童能 力次族群，與動作協調能力弱之發展協調障礙兒童。另外，在動作協調能力、兒 童生活型態量表數據及加速規之活動量結果，將計算彼此間的相關；以及比較發 展協調障礙兒童與非發展協調障礙兒童，及比較原住民兒童與非原住民兒童在上 述三項結果之差異。預期成果：期望經由本計畫於第一及第二年所建構之本土化 評估觀察量表（現今進行中），並將此觀察量表建立起具有客觀的信度與效度分 析，以及建立出兒童動作次族群；同時也可比較原住民兒童與非原住民兒童在動 作協調能力之差異。第三年可進一步評估兒童活動量與動作協調能力之實際關 係，以了解動作協調能力與生活型態及活動量的相關性，藉此可確認發展協調障 礙之兒童與活動之交互影響。經由本研究將直接有助於優秀兒童動作能力選才及 兒童評量工具之系統性建立，同時對於發展協調障礙學童相關理論之建構與本土 化之兒童篩檢推廣應用，以及初步建立原住民兒童動作協調能力之結果。

Background: In the research fields of child development and function, factors influencing movements in many diseases have been examined. However, some children have the problems in motor and coordination performance influencing their physical conditions, daily routine activities, learning opportunities and social interactions. We cannot directly detect them from the routine neurological examinations or chromosome structure examinations. According to the American Psychiatric Association, those children were called as ‘Developmental Coordination Disorder’(DCD). In the previous studies, no consensus on the causal factors or on the management programs was found, because there were limited studies on the issues of DCD children in Taiwan although a systemic evaluation and the local norm has been developed. In addition, the finding of talented children in PE and sport fields is an important issue. However, there was no checklist for PE teachers to quickly and appropriately examine children with or without DCD in Taiwan. Thus, the results of evaluating children in Taiwan are still lack of consistency. In addition, no research studies have examined motor coordination of indigenous children in Taiwan. Purposes: The aims of this three-year research project in Years one (the current NSC project) and two are to develop a systemic evaluation questionnaire for PE teachers in Taiwan, to analyze its validity and reliability, to establish the norms for identifying children with and without DCD through analyzing the motor performance, coordination and characteristics of children, and also to classify motor coordination of children. In addition, motor coordination of indigenous children and non-indigenous children will be compared. The aims of this project in Year three are to exaime the relationships between motor coordination of children and their physical activities. Methods: The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) evaluation tool, the Taiwanese Movement Assessment (TMA) test and the Taiwanese Children Coordination Questionnaire- PE Teacher Edition (TCCQ-PE) will be used to evaluate 600 primary school students and 200 indigenous children whose age ranges are from 9 to 12 years old. In Year 3, physical activities of 100 children with DCD and 100 children without DCD will be analyzed through 7-day recording in RT3 acceleometer and a children’s lifestyle (CLQ). The results of the Movement ABC test, the TMA test and the TCCQ-PE will be compared to establish the concurrent validity of the TCCQ-PE. In addition, the test-retest reliability of the TCCQ-PE will be examined. In this study, the domains and questions of the TCCQ-PE will be developed through factor analysis of the testing items in order to establish the main testing items for the evaluation questionnaire in Taiwan. The Taiwanese norms of the TCCQ-PE will also be set up in this study. The classification of motor coordination of children will also be developed through K-mean classification analysis. In addition, correlations among motor coordination, CLQ and data in accelerometer will be analyzed. Children with DCD and without DCD will be compared in results of motor coordination, CLQ and physical activity data in accelerometer. Motor coordination of Indigenous and non-digenous children will be compared. Anticipated Outcomes: Through the construction of the TCCQ-PE which has the objective reliability and validity data in Year 1, this evaluation questionnaire can be widely applied to asses the motor coordination of the children in Taiwan in order to identify children with DCD and also develop the norms of TCCQ-PE. In addition, subgroups of children will be developed. In Year 2, the relationships between physical activity and motor coordination of children can be identified in order to clarify the interactions between physical activity and motor ability in children with DCD. In addition, the results of this project can help the choices of talented children regarding their motor abilities, the systematic development of evaluation tools for children, and the construction and application of related theories in the topic of DCD, and also assist the wide use of the local evaluation tools and questionnaires in Taiwan. This project will also develop the preliminary data of motor coordination indigenous Taiwanese children.