Publication:

運動心理技能訓練應用在柔道選手競賽表現之研究

在一剎那可能決勝負的柔道比賽中，誰能不怯場、控制好情緒、對自己有信心、擁有較佳的抗壓能力，誰就有機會成為勝利的那一方。在變化多端的競技場上，經常可以聽到選手將競賽表現不好歸因於無法專注、怕輸、緊張、焦慮、擔心失誤等原因，造成比賽放不開，不敢勇敢表現自我，上述原因大都與運動選手的認知評估有關。Burton與 Raedeke( 2008) 認為可透過改變運動員的認知想法進而改變其行為。本研究旨在透過長期隨隊觀察以瞭解影響選手運動表現的心理困擾，並針對選手的心理困擾進行個別化的心理技能訓練。研究方法採用內容分析法進行歸納分析，並以「三角檢證法」偕同兩位專業學術同儕進行分析以達研究之可信性。研究結果發現，R選手會運用正面自我對談、負面思想停止法、專注技巧、呼吸控制法、理性情緒治療以及賽前例行性動作的技能來因應降體重的壓力、練習疲倦、缺乏自信、比賽淘汰崩潰大哭、教練高度期望的壓力以及運動傷害等心理困擾；T選手會使用正面自我對談、專注技巧、呼吸控制法、理性情緒治療以及賽前例行性動作等技能，因應比賽緊張、缺乏自信、賽前焦慮而感到肚子痛、容易受裁判的判決影響造成情緒失控以及團體賽失敗而影響個人賽的比賽情緒；S選手會使用正面自我對談、呼吸控制法、理性情緒治療等技能，因應想贏怕輸、冠軍的壓力、教練高度期望、賽前焦慮以及負面想法；J選手會使用正面自我對談、負面思想停止法、理性情緒治療以及賽前例行性動作等技能，因應缺乏自信、運動傷害、關鍵比賽會緊張、比賽落入敗部情緒控制不佳、降體重的壓力等困擾。從資料分析中顯示柔道選手的心理困擾有個別差異存在，四名選手皆認為練習心理技能能夠有效解決她們個人的競賽心理困擾。教練對於選手接受運動心理技能訓練是持正面的評價。

At the moment of losing or winning during judo competition, the one who does not panic, has better control of self-emotion, good self-confidence, well pressure resistance and is able to hang in there in golden score time can be the winner. In the unpredictable and dramatic game field, we often hear athletes blame their bad performances for being unable to focus, afraid of losing, nervous, worried about making faults and so on. Therefore, they cannot open their mind and do not have courage to be themselves due to the above reasons. The above reasons have a relationship with athletes’ cognition and values. Burton and Raedeke(2008) pointed out that it can change players’ behavior through changing their cognition and thoughts. The key of the study is to know the impacts of psychological distress of athletes’ performances by a long-term observation and counseling of the four judo players and do the individual mental skills training according to players’ mental distress. This study method uses the content analysis to induct and analyze. To be confidential for this study, this study utilized triangulation accompanied by two professional academic peers. The result of this study shows that the R player used positive self-talk, negative thought stopping method, focus skills, breathing control method, rational emotive behavior therapy, and pre-competition routine motor skills to cope with the pressure of losing weight, training fatigue, lack of self-confidence, crying for elimination, the pressure from coach’s high anticipation, sports injuries and other mental distress; the T player used positive self-talk, focus skills, breathing control method, rational emotive behavior therapy, and pre-competition routine motor skills to deal with pressure, lack of confidence, stomachache from pre-competition anxieties, poor emotional control due to referee’s decisions, impacts on single competition due to failure of team competitions; the S player used positive self-talk, breathing control method, and rational emotive behavior therapy to handle the feeling of losing, the pressure of championship, coach’s high anticipation, pre-competition anxieties, and negative thoughts; the J player used positive self-talk, negative thought stooping method, rational emotive behavior therapy, and pre-competition routine motor skills to cope lack of confidence, sports injuries, nervousness from key competition, poor emotional control due to falling into defeated part, and the pressure of losing weight. The analysis from the data shows that the judo players have individual differences in mental distress. The four judo players think that mental skill training can effectively handle their mental distress from competition. The coach had a positive appraisal for his players to use the mental skills training.