Publication:

合氣道歷史之研究

中文摘要

合氣道（Aikido）武術源於日本，從歷史角度檢視的結果可以理解到合氣道武術就是日本文化的一部份，從一個貴族化的武術轉變為平民化，在平民化的過程又能迅速發展崛起國際舞臺，值得國人借鏡。反觀，國內近年來合氣道組織林立，在百家爭鳴之下對於合氣道武術運動歷史尋根，有回歸合氣道還原本來面貌的最佳途徑。因此，本論著係採體育史學研究法，蒐集相關文獻史料予以整理分析、內外考證、詮釋比較、綜合批判，旨在探討合氣道武術起源、形成與發展過程，藉以瞭解合氣道來龍去脈而正本清源為目的。根據研究結果，獲致幾點結論臚列如下：

一、合氣道技術本質源自柔術，與我國明朝陳元贇氏將內家武學精髓傳授東瀛，在日本武術界立碑彰顯可見一般。

二、合氣道迅速的發展原因；早期與日本「武士道」精神，傳統文化有關；中期與結合軍政勢力，走高階貴族化路線有關；近期與二戰後「合氣會」接受財團支持，走國際化路線有關。

三、合氣道開祖植芝盛平二次進入中國探求武學。其高徒富木謙治在中國東北「滿洲國」建國大學開設合氣道課程，是我國最早接觸到合氣道武術學習的時機。

四、植芝盛平高徒塩田剛三，是最早到臺灣推展合氣道武術運動者。曾任職南方協會到臺灣推展殖民教育時，將所學合氣道武術傳授推展，以達東南亞地區殖民日化目的。

五、合氣道的武學精神，是結合中國的「中庸之道」、日本的「武士道」與西方的「騎士道」等精神融合而成，這些「道」的哲理與思想精髓的形成，與我太極武學哲理相通之處。

ABSTRACT

Aikido originated from a traditional Japanese martial art .　If we look into it from the result of a history study, we can clearly understand that the martial art of Aikido is part of Japanese culture. It has transformed the martial art from the imperial level to the common people. During such transformation it gained rapid popularity among international society and this really deserve our use for reference. Nowadays we have many Aikido organizations established in Taiwan and many of them look for the root of Aikido. This will be an effective way to return Aikido to its original features.

Viewing above, this thesis will use the method of history science of Physical Education to collect relevant history documents to organize, to analyze, to research and to do textual comparison and criticism. This aim at a thorough probe into the beginning, formation and the process of Aikido development. By this way we can have a clear picture of Aikido’s origin enable us to understand it correctly. According to the findings of my research, I can outline the following conclusions:

1.The basic techniques of Aikido derive from “Jujutsu” (techniques of gentleness,　 predecessor of “Judo”) and adopt some essences of interior martial art from General ChenYuan-bing’s in our Ming dynasty. (It can be shown by the tablet in clubs of Japanese martial art.)

2. The factors that promote Aikido’s rapid growing:　Close tie to the spirit of Busido (wushidao) and traditional culture in the early stage.　Then associated intimately with higher ranking military officers and politicians to the imperial circle.Thereafter, “Aiki Hui” taken the finance support from wealthy groups and Internationalize themselves to the world.

3. Founder of Aikido “Morihei Ueshiba” entered China the second time for the study of Chinese martial art. His student “Kenji Tomiki” open the course of Aikido in college of Manchuria in the northeastern provinces of China. This is the first contact of Aikido for Chinese.

4. One of Morihe Ueshiba’s top disciple “Gozo Shioda” is the earliest promoter who came to Taiwan to promote the martial art of Aikido. When taken the post of Southern Association to pursuit promoting Japanese colony education, he began teaching the martial art of Aikido, so that he can also reach the goal of spreading Japanese culture in southeast Asia.

5. The spirit of Aikido martial art combines the philosophy of　“The Doctrine of The Mean” from China ,　“Busidao” from Japan and　“Chivalry” from the western. The formation of　these doctrines and essences of　their thoughts are very similar to the philosophic theories of our “Taichi” martial art.